Author: er03779

Belief in witchcraft, magic, and sorcery has been prevalent throughout history and practiced all over the world: in ancient Mesopotamia, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, Europe, Oceania, and all through the Asian continent. Each culture and region hold different beliefs and attitudes toward these practices. While there are both helpful and harmful forms of magic stemming from regional folklore, in America we tend to associate witchcraft with pagan ritual and heretical malevolence against Christianity. This is largely due to early European influence, the paranoia and efforts of those associated with the Catholic and Protestant church, and through the sheer volume of their writing and admonition of the subject during the medieval and colonial periods. Accordingly, any belief or practice outside those deemed acceptable by the social and cultural standards were subject to scrutiny. And accusations of sorcery and witchcraft (specifically toward commonfolk) had dire consequences.

The Malleus Maleficarum, written in 1486, is one of the first texts ever published on the subject of witchcraft. Written by two German theology scholars and members of the Dominican order, the work set out to prove the existence of witches as heretics and acted as a manual to rid them from society through trials, torture, and brutal deaths. The Malleus Maleficarum, which translates to “Hammer of Witches,” was instrumental for creating nearly three centuries of witch-hunting hysteria throughout Europe and North America.

It was the belief that witches, most commonly associated with women, had pacts with the Devil to undermine the virtue of Christianity or disrupt the natural world. Witches rode atop animals during the night to hold meetings with Satan, fornicated with demons, caused crop failures, killed children and prevented married couples from conceiving through spells, among other heresies. This interaction between women, Satan, and clandestine activity was paramount in the Christian European mindset toward witchcraft, especially during the Reformation.

Reginald Scot’s The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) was written nearly 100 years after the Malleus Maleficarum. Scot was the first English writer to expound upon the subject of witchcraft and he intended to disprove the theory that witches contained real supernatural powers, but were instead resourceful women who practiced the art of folk healing. Scot rejected the idea that Satan or any supernatural being could interact with humans, and that the charms of witchcraft, or indeed even the rites of Catholicism, were merely superstitious. Because of these beliefs, Scot’s contemporaries condemned him as impious. Even King James VI rebutted Scot’s theory with his own Daemonologie, which focused largely on necromancy and doubled down on the threat witches posed. It was rumored that James had ordered every copy of Scot’s book to be destroyed, but there is no evidence to support this. However, after the first edition, The Discoverie of Witchcraft was not published again in England for nearly 70 years.

During the period after Scot’s death, the thesis he set out to prove as a testament to reason and critical thought took on a perhaps cursed irony. The magic and sleight of hand Scot tried to uncover were seized upon by his more esoteric successors and spread into popular culture, cementing their place into witchcraft ethos. Even Shakespeare was likely to have been influenced by Scot when writing Macbeth.

Well after the hysteria of the witch-trials had ended in Europe and America, rural traditions held on to the superstitions and beliefs of the occult. Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren’s South Mountain Magic, published in 1882, described the folklore of ghosts, witches, and demons of South Mountain, located near Boonsboro, Maryland. She described local lore such as the Snarly Yow (a giant demon-like dog), haunting apparitions, as well as magic cures for common ailments.

The mid-twentieth century brought about newfound interest in the occult through neopagan groups like Wicca, Anton LaVey’s Church of Satan, and a proliferation of authors and film directors that showcased, and often exploited, these ideas through new mediums. Today we have a better understanding of how these “superstitions” and social accusations originated that were tragically cast upon women (and men as well). So, as Samhain approaches and we celebrate the year’s harvest and the changing of the Hunter’s Moon, feel free to light some candles, open an old book, and conjure the spirits of our historical past.

View these titles and more by request in our reading room. This post was written by Mark Breeding, Maryland Traditions Archivist.

It may seem odd to relate the satirical and often raunchy style of Underground Comics with Alternative Press and Radical Literature publications that tackle serious social and political issues. However, comics often served as a stepping stone into the world of politics for many young readers. Just as musical genres like punk rock or hip-hop have brought political awareness to its listeners, comics allowed individuals the chance to dip their toes into more tumultuous waters through a medium that they were attracted to and identified with. Complexity was always an asset to alternative publications that defined youth culture.

More sub-genres emerged, some more radical than others. And comics continued to tackle social and political problems that became pressing issues by the end of the 20th century.  The environmental movement fought against industrial pollution and promoted a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle. They critiqued capitalism, claiming that it encouraged pollution and deforestation by cutting corners to increase profit margins.

Anarchist and socialist movements often grouped together to produce comics from a variety of artists due to their mutual rejection of the capitalist governmental structure. Many of these comics influenced and inspired local activism, and began circulating on college campuses. UMBC had its own, The Red Brick, a socialist student run newspaper running from 1969-1970. All three issues are scanned and available online through our digital collection.

UMBC’s Alternative Press Center Collection, located within the Special Collections department, holds the back issues of the titles collected by the Alternative Press Center (APC) from its beginning to five years prior to the current year. The APC is a non-profit collective, located in Baltimore, dedicated to providing access to and increasing public awareness of the alternative press. Founded in 1969, it remains one of the oldest self-sustaining alternative media institutions in the United States. UMBC’s APC collection houses numerous non-mainstream media that address topics such as: capitalism, LGBTQ+, feminism, world politics, Marxism, Socialism, Africana studies, and environmentalism, among numerous others.

The environmental movement of the late 20th century was reinvigorated with the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962). Her book sought to educate the public about humanity’s attempt to control nature through the use of pesticides and pollutants, leading to an ecosystem in crisis that we have now inherited. Prior to the internet, much of the materials surrounding the environmental movement’s cause was written, distributed, and published through non-mainstream newspapers and magazines. In like manner, the grassroots quality of the eco-movement similarly matched the DIY attitude of the underground comic scene—especially when political worlds collided.

There are an abundance of comics dealing with the implications of nuclear fallout and chemical/biological warfare, seen in series’ like Toxic Avenger and Swamp Thing. These comics often touch on the conflicted relationship between humanity and the environment. However, many artists chose the comic medium as a way to tell more tangible stories of environmental hazards that educated its readers in an attempt to reach a wider audience. 

Net Profit was a non-profit comic book that explored the life of porpoises, dolphins, and whales through the lens of the commercial fishing industry. It was a collaborative effort of activist writers, artists and ex-tuna fisherman dedicated to bringing awareness and stopping the needless killing of sea mammals in fishing commercial nets.

Food First Comics was an Underground Comic that challenged the Malthusian notion of food shortage as a population problem and rather argued that it was a reflection of capitalist manipulation of land, agriculture, and food production. Likewise in Conservation, an APC title, writers tackle the sustainability of organic farming and eating locally.

In Slow Death no. 8, artists comment on the issue of animal extinction with stories of endangered species and inhumane hunting practices like seal clubbing.  APC titles like Green Mountain Quarterly frequently cover topics like deforestation’s impact on humans, animal extinction, and the ecosystem using comic style art to attract readers.

Underground Comix and The Alternative Press follow a DIY ethic that serves to inform and entertain the public through creative collectivity. The evolution of the comic book can be seen through titles that highlight contemporary issues like environmentalism, the effects of industrial capitalism on the environment, and ways that individuals can make a difference toward a healthier and more sustainable ecosystem.

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The Underground Comix Collection Exhibit can be seen in the Albin O. Kuhn Library Rotunda from April 10–May 20, 2024. All comics featured are available for research use in the UMBC Special Collections Underground Comix collection. Alternative Press Center publications are available through Special Collections. Special Collections is open M-W 12-4pm and Thursday 12-7pm. The exhibit was curated by Special Collections graduate assistants Mark Breeding, M.A. ’24, History and Finny Rocca, M.A. ‘20, History. This blog post was written by Mark Breeding.

The Underground Comix scene was born out of the 1960’s counterculture movement amid the anti-establishment feeling of the day. Political scandal, the Vietnam war, drugs and psychedelic music all played a part in bringing together a collection of avant-garde artists to redefine what the comic book was. The initial cartoonists who began this venture, did it without funding and without approval, skirting the restrictive censorship of the Comic Code Authority. They followed, and set a precedent for, a long tradition of DIY attitude that served their own creative outlet and pushed the boundaries of good taste in the process. Some may say they even set it back irrevocably. 

The Comic Code Authority is a relic of the golden era of comics in the 1950s. If the Code did not approve your comic, it would not be published or stocked in stores. It held strict rules that included: no sex, no drugs, no profanity. Underground Comix was a reactionary movement that quickly became a beacon of anti-censorship, creating a community of artists and ideas that explored topics deemed taboo or infringing on public decency.

Artists like Robert Crumb and S. Clay Wilson defined the anarchist nature of the Underground Comix scene. Crumb and Wilson were prolific artists who produced numerous comics and influential characters. These artists defended their explicit, often racist and sexist imagery as satire that others sometimes failed to see. 

While some thought that Underground Comix were meant to explore and exaggerate controversial topics, other artists saw an opportunity to have their voices heard, often for the first time. Feminist and LGBTQ+ artists tackled subjects like abortion, lesbianism, menstruation, AIDS, and childhood sexual abuse.

The 1970s were a time of tremendous outlet for African American creativity, freedom, and agency through the Underground Comix scene. Black artists created superheroes and characters that wrestled with socio-political issues while entertaining readers with violence, humor, and sex appeal. 

The Underground Comix remain a tour de force of counterculture artistic expression. Not only were the artists and writers successful in rebelling against what they perceived to be an outdated and repressive authority mandate, but they managed to challenge societal standards and acceptance of decency and get away with it, allowing for more inclusivity and freedom of expression. 

The Underground Comix Collection Exhibit can be seen in the Albin O. Kuhn Library Rotunda from April 10 to May 20, 2024. All comics featured are available for research use in the UMBC Special Collections Underground Comix collection. Special Collections is open M-W 12-4pm and Thursday 12-7pm. The exhibit was curated by Special Collections graduate assistants Mark Breeding, M.A. ’24, history and Finny Rocca, M.A. ’20, history, and this blog post was written by Mark Breeding.